Viral amplification of recombinant messenger RNA in transgenic plants

ABSTRACT

A novel method of over expressing genes in plants is provided. This method is based on the RNA amplification properties of plus strand RNA viruses of plants. A chimeric multicistronic gene is constructed containing a plant promoter, viral replication origins, a viral movement protein gene, and one or more foreign genes under control of viral subgenomic promoters. Plants containing one or more of these recombinant RNA transcripts are inoculated with helper virus. In the presence of helper virus recombinant transcripts are replicated producing high levels of foreign gene RNA. Sequences are provided for the high level expression of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in tobacco plants by replicon RNA amplification with helper viruses and movement protein genes derived from the tobamovirus group.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of genetically engineering transgenic plants. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of viral RNA to achieve high level expression of foreign genes in plants.

The use of transgenic plants for high level expression of foreign genes has been targeted as an inexpensive means for mass producing desired products. All higher plants are photoautotrophic, requiring only CO₂, H₂O, NO₃ ⁻¹, SO₄ ⁻², PO₄ ⁻³ and trace amounts of other elements for growth. From these inexpensive starting materials, plants are capable of synthesizing a variety of valuable products. Progress in utilizing transgenic plants as low cost factories will depend on both the characterization of biosynthetic pathways and on the further development of gene expression technologies.

In the past decade, a number of techniques have been developed to transfer genes into plants (Potrykus, I., Annual Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 205-225 (1991)). For example, chromosomally integrated transgenes have been expressed by a variety of promoters offering developmental control of gene expression. (Walden and Schell, Eur. J. Biochem. 192: 563-576 (1990)). This technology has been used primarily to improve certain agronomic traits such as disease resistance or food quality. (Joshi and Joshi, Febs. Lett. 281: 1-8 (1991)). However, the utility of known transgene methodology is limited by 1) the difficulty of obtaining high level expression of individual transgenes 2) the lack of means necessary for coordinating control of several transgenes in an individual plant 3) the lack of means to enable precise temporal control of gene expression and 4) the lack of adequate means to enable shutting off introduced genes in the uninduced state (Walden and Schell, Eur. J. Biochem 192: 563-576 (1990)).

The most highly expressed genes in plants are encoded in plant RNA viral genomes. Many RNA viruses have gene expression levels or host ranges that make them useful for development as commercial vectors. (Ahlquist, P., and Pacha, R. F., Physiol. Plant. 79: 163-167 (1990), Joshi, R. L., and Joshi, V., FEBS Lett. 281: 1-8 (1991), Turpen, T. H., and Dawson, W. O., Amplification, movement and expression of genes in plants by viral-based vectors, Transgenic plants: fundamentals and applications (A. Hiatt, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 195-217. (1992)). For example, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) accumulates approximately 10 mg of tobacco mosaic tombamovirus (TMV) per gram of fresh-weight tissue 7-14 days after inoculation. TMV coat protein synthesis can represent 70% of the total cellular protein synthesis and can constitute 10% of the total leaf dry weight. A single specific RNA transcript can accumulate to 10% of the total leaf mRNA. This transcript level is over two orders of magnitude higher than the transcription level observed for chromosomally integrated genes using conventional plant genetic engineering technology. This level of foreign gene expression has not yet been obtained using the prior art viral vectors in plants.

Most plant viruses contain genomes of plus sense RNA (messenger RNA polarity) (Zaitlin and Hull, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38: 291-315 (1987)). Plus sense plant viruses are a very versatile class of viruses to develop as gene expression vectors since there are a large number of strains from some 22 plus sense viral groups which are compatible with a wide number of host plant species. (Martelli, G. P., Plant Disease 76: 436 (1992)). In addition, an evolutionarily related RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is encoded by each of these strains. This enzyme is responsible for genome replication and mRNA synthesis resulting in some of the highest levels of gene expression known in plants.

In order to develop a plant virus as a gene vector, one must be able to manipulate molecular clones of viral genomes and retain the ability to generate infectious recombinants. The techniques required to genetically engineer RNA viruses have progressed rapidly. If the virus is an RNA virus, the virus is generally cloned as a cDNA and inserted into a plasmid. The plasmid is used to make all of the constructions. The genome of many plus sense RNA viruses can be manipulated as plasmid DNA copies and then transcribed in vitro to produce infectious RNA molecules (reviewed in Turpen and Dawson, Transgenic Plants, Fundamentals and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 195-217 (1992)).

The interaction of plants with viruses presents unique opportunities for the production of complex molecules as typified by the TMV/tobacco system (Dawson, W. O., Virology 186: 359-367 (1992)). Extremely high levels of viral nucleic acids and/or proteins accumulate in infected cells in a brief period of time. The virus catalyzes rapid cell-to-cell movement of its genome throughout the plant, with no significant tissue tropism. The infection is maintained throughout the life of the plant. The plants are not significantly adversely affected by the viral infection since the virus causes little or no general cytotoxicity or specific suppression of host gene expression.

The tobacco mosaic tobamovirus is of particular interest to the instant invention in light of its ability to express genes at high levels in plants. TMV is a member of the tobamovirus group. TMV virions are 300 nm×18 nm tubes with a 4 nm-diameter hollow canal, and consist of 2140 units of a single structural protein helically wound around a single RNA molecule. The genome is a 6395 base plus-sense RNA. The 5′-end is capped and the 3′-end contains a series of pseudoknots and a tRNA-like structure that will specifically accept histidine. The genomic RNA functions as mRNA for the production of proteins involved in viral replication: a 126-kDa protein that initiates 68 nucleotides from the 5′-terminus and a 183-kDa protein synthesized by readthrough of an amber termination codon approximately 10% of the time (FIG. 1). Only the 183-kDa and 126-kDa viral proteins are required for TMV replication in trans. (Ogawa, T., Watanabe, Y., Meshi, T., and Okada, Y., Virology 185: 580-584 (1991)). Additional proteins are translated from subgenomic size mRNA produced during replication (reviewed in Dawson, W. O., Adv. Virus Res. 38: 307-342 (1990)). The 30-kDa protein is required for cell-to-cell movement; the 17.5-kDa capsid protein is the single viral structural protein. The function of the predicted 54-kDa protein is unknown.

The minimal sequences required in cis for TMV replication are located at the extreme 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions (replication origins), as determined by analysis of deletion mutants in plant protoplasts (Takamatsu, N., et al., J. Virol. 64: 3686-3693 (1990), Takamatsu, N., et al., J. Virol. 65: 1619-1622 (1991)). In whole plants, helper-dependent RNA replicons, constructed by deletion of most of the 126/183-kDa replication protein sequence and most of the 30-kDa movement protein sequence, are replicated and spread systemically in the presence of wild type TMV (Raffo A. J., and Dawson W. O., Virology 184: 277-289 (1991)).

Turpen, et al. discloses a simple and reliable gene transfer method wherein cDNA of TMV is engineered into A. tumefaciens for expression in plant cells (Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 88-105 (1992)). This method provides an alternative to the use of synthetic infectious transcripts to inoculate plants based on host transcription of viral cDNA in vivo. Turpen showed successful transfection of tobacco (N. tabacum cv. Xanthi and Xanthi/nc) with wild type and defective viral genomes using this methodology.

Transfection also occurs spontaneously in transgenic lines containing defective or wild type cDNA of TMV integrated chromosomally (Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 106-132 (1992), Yamaya, J., et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 211: 520-525 (1988)). Thus, once chromosomally integrated, viral replication can be derived from the process of host cell transcription.

Plant virus infections are initiated by mechanical damage to the plant cell wall. Following replication in the initially wounded cells, progeny viruses spread over short distances (cell-to-cell movement) before entering vascular tissue for long distance movement. Studies with chimeric tobamoviruses indicate that the coat protein is required for efficient long distance movement. However, a virus where the coat protein has been deleted or inactivated moves over short distances as does wild type virus (Dawson W. O. and Hilf, M. E., Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 43: 527-555 (1992)).

In the case of TMV, functional 30-kDa movement protein is absolutely required for cell-to-cell movement in whole plants, but can be deleted or inactivated without affecting replication in protoplasts or inoculated leaves (reviewed in Citovsky, V., Zambryski, P., BioEssays 13: 373-379 (1991) and Deom, C. M., Lapidot, M., and Beachy, R. N., Cell 69: 221-224 (1992)).

A sequence located within the 30 kDa movement protein gene of the U1 strain of TMV serves as the origin of assembly. It is at this origin of assembly that the TMV RNA and the viral capsid protein spontaneously aggregate to initiate the assembly of virions (Butler, P. J. G., Mayo, M. A., Molecular architecture and assembly of tobacco mosaic virus particles, The molecular biology of the positive strand RNA viruses. (D. J. Rowlands, M. A. Mayo, and B. W. J. Mahy, eds.), Academic Press, London. pp. 237-257 (1987)). A functional origin of assembly is also required for efficient long distance movement (Saito, T., Yamanaka, K., and Okada, Y., Virology 176: 329-336 (1990)). There does not appear to be any additional requirements for packaging. A variety of heterologous sequences can be encapsidated yielding rod-shaped virions whose lengths are proportional to the size of the RNA molecule containing the origin of assembly (Dawson, W. O. et al., Virology 172: 285-292 (1989)).

Construction of plant RNA viruses for the introduction and expression of foreign genes in plants is demonstrated by French, R., et al., Science 231: 1294-1297 (1986); Takamatsu, N., et al., EMBO J. 6: 307-311 (1987); Ahlquist, P., et al., Viral Vectors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 183-189 (1988); Dawson, W. O., et al., Phytopathology 78: 783-789 (1988); Dawson, W. O., et al., Virology 172: 285-292 (1989); Cassidy, B., and Nelson, R., Phytopathology 80: 1037 (1990); Joshi, R. L., et al., EMBO J. 9: 2663-2669 (1990); Jupin, I., et al., Virology 178: 273-280 (1990); Takamatsu, N., et al., FEBS Letters 269: 73-76 (1990); Japaneses Published Application No. 63-14693 (1988); European Patent Application No. 067,553; and European Patent Application No. 194,809, European Patent Application No. 278,667. Most of the viral vectors constructed in these references were not shown to be capable of systemic movement in whole plants. Rather, gene expression has only been confirmed in inoculated leaves. In other cases, systemic movement and expression of the foreign gene by the viral vector was accompanied by rapid loss of the foreign gene sequence (Dawson, W. O., et al., Virology 172: 285 (1989)).

With further improvements, successful vectors have been developed based on tobamoviruses for rapid gene transfer to plants. (Donson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 7204-7208 (1991)). For example, the α-trichosanthin gene was added to the genome of a tobamovirus vector under the transcriptional control of a subgenomic promoter obtained from a strain distantly related to wild type TMV (Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 72-87 (1992)). This vector is an autonomous virus, containing all known viral functions. Two weeks post-inoculation, transfected Nicotiana benthamiana plants accumulated α-trichosanthin to levels of at least 2% total soluble protein. Purified recombinant α-trichosanthin produced by this method was correctly processed and had the same specific activity as the enzyme derived from the native source. Therefore, messenger RNA produced by viral RNA amplification in whole plants is fully functional. However, after prolonged replication of certain sequences using this vector, some genetic instability was observed primarily due to recombinational deletions and point mutations (Kearney, C. M., et al., Virology (in press)).

Recently, very similar results were obtained using gene vectors derived from additional plus sense RNA viruses infecting plants; a potyvirus, tobacco etch virus ((Dolja, V., et al., PNAS 89: 10208-10212 (1992) and a potexvirus, potato virus X (Chapman, S., et al., Plant Journal 2: 549-557 (1992)).

Therefore, the major functional disadvantages of existing prior art viral vectors are their genetic instability regarding the fidelity of maintenance of some non-viral foreign genes in systemically infected whole plants, after prolonged replication and passaging. For many products, it will be desirable to increase the genetic fidelity by lowering the proportion of deletion and other variants in amplified populations.

An additional concern regarding the use of viral vectors for the expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants is biological containment of the viral vectors encoding for foreign genes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention provides a replicon derived from a chromosomally integrated transgene capable of expressing at least one foreign gene in plant cells. The replicon possesses replication origins with substantial sequence homology to a plus sense, RNA virus capable of infecting plants. The replicon is dependent for replication on a helper virus possessing trans-acting replication proteins where the replication proteins have substantial sequence homology to the replication proteins of a plus sense, RNA virus capable of infecting plants.

In still another aspect of the invention, the replicon additionally codes for a viral sequence upon which a helper virus is dependent in trans. In a yet further aspect of the present invention, the additional viral sequence coded for by the replicon is a viral movement protein.

In another aspect of the present invention, the replicon is also capable of moving the replicon-encoded genes away from the site of infection and is also capable of systemic expression.

The present invention also provides heterologous proteins and RNA sequences expressed in plants using one of the replicons of the instant invention.

The present invention also provides primary or secondary metabolites that accumulate in the tissues of a transfected plant as a result of the expression of a foreign gene product coded for by one of the replicons of the instant invention.

The present invention also provides transgenic plants that contain a chromosomally integrated transgene that codes for one of the replicons of the instant invention.

The present invention also provides a method for expressing a foreign gene in plants by integrating a transgene coding for one of the replicons of the instant invention into the host DNA of a plant cell and infecting the plant cell with a helper virus.

The present invention also provides a method for expressing a foreign gene in plants by integrating a transgene coding for one of the replicons of the instant invention into the host DNA of a plant cell and infecting the plant cell with a helper virus wherein the helper virus is dependent in trans on the replicon.

The present invention also provides a method for expressing a foreign gene in plants by integrating a transgene coding for one of the replicons of the instant invention into the host DNA of a plant cell and infecting the plant cell with a helper virus wherein the helper virus is dependent in trans on the replicon for expression of a movement protein.

In further embodiments of the present invention, expression of the foreign gene by the replicon is regulatable. In another, preferred embodiment of the replicon, the foreign gene sequence on the replicon is placed 5′ to the 3′ replication origin. In further preferred embodiments, the movement protein is derived from a tobamovirus and more specifically, a TMV strain virus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the genome of wild type TMV.

FIG. 2 depicts the essential features of the instantly claimed viral replicons.

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment where the replicon and helper virus are mutually dependent.

FIG. 4 depicts a preferred replicon gene arrangement where the foreign gene is situated at the 3′ end of the genome 5′ to the 3′ replication origin.

FIG. 5 depicts the construction of a transgene for the synthesis of a replicon encoding Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT) in an Agrobacterium transformation vector.

FIG. 6 is the sequence of the RNA replicon described in Example 1.

DEFINITIONS

-   Foreign gene: A “foreign gene” refers to any sequence that is not     native to the virus. -   In cis: “In cis” indicates that two sequences are positioned on the     same strand of RNA or DNA. -   In trans: “In trans” indicates that two sequences are positioned on     different strands of RNA or DNA. -   Movement protein: A “movement protein” is a noncapsid protein     required for cell to cell movement of replicons or viruses in     plants. -   Origin of Assembly: An “origin of assembly” is a sequence where     self-assembly of the viral RNA and the viral capsid protein     initiates to form virions. -   Replication origin: A “replication origin” refers to the minimal     terminal sequences in linear viruses that are necessary for viral     replication. -   Replicon: A “replicon” is an arrangement of RNA sequences generated     by transcription of a transgene that is integrated into the host DNA     that is capable of replication in the presence of a helper virus. A     replicon may require sequences in addition to the replication     origins for efficient replication and stability. -   Transcription termination region: The “transcription termination     region” is a sequence that controls formation of the 3′ end of the     transcript. Self-cleaving ribozymes and polyadenylation sequences     are examples of transcription termination sequences. -   Transgene: A “transgene” refers to the DNA sequence coding for the     replicon that is inserted into the host DNA. -   Virion: A “virion” is a particle composed of viral RNA and viral     capsid protein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention provides high level expression of foreign genes in plants by viral replicons wherein the replicons possess improved genetic stability. The replicons of the instant invention are produced in host plant cells by transcription of integrated transgenes. The replicons of the instant invention are derived, in part, from single stranded plus sense plant RNA viruses.

The replicons of the instant invention code for at least one foreign gene and possess sequences required in cis for replication (“replication origins”). FIG. 2(c). The replicons are produced by host cell transcription of a chromosomally integrated transgene to form an RNA transcript. The transgene is a DNA sequence that codes for the replicon and also contains a promoter and a transcription termination region. FIG. 2(a). The replicon is generated from an RNA transcript of the transgene by RNA processing and replication in the presence of a helper virus. FIG. 2(b).

The replicons of the instant invention lack functional replication protein sequences. Because the replicons of the instant invention lack replication protein sequences, they must rely on genetic complementation with helper viruses for replication. The replicon's dependency on the helper virus for replication enables regulatable amplification of these replicons through the introduction of the helper virus.

Genetic complementation of the replicon with a helper virus provides many advantages over autonomous viral vectors for amplifying gene expression. Each infected cell of a transgenic plant contains a correct master copy of the gene to be amplified. This reduces the effects of genetic drift in replicating RNA populations that can result in sequence instabilities and point mutations after prolonged replication of an RNA vector (Kearney, C. M., et al., Virology (in press)).

In a further embodiment of the instant invention, the replicon codes for at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent. Thus, in this further embodiment, the replicon and the helper virus are mutually dependent. [See FIG. 3]. Helper virus dependence on the replicon insures amplified expression of the replicon sequences by the helper virus in whole plants.

In a further embodiment, the replicon codes for a functional movement protein such as the 30 kDa TMV movement protein. The helper virus used in this embodiment does not possess a functional movement protein. Thus, the helper virus is dependent on the replicon for movement functionality. Movement proteins are necessary for cell to cell movement in plants. By placing a functional movement protein sequence on the replicon and either deactivating or deleting the same sequence on the helper virus or by using a host species with helper virus encoded movement protein incompatibility, the helper virus's dependency on the replicon enables systemic infection of the whole plant with the viral replicon plus helper virus.

This embodiment of the instant invention has the further advantage that the only virus released into the environment will be a debilitated helper virus. Thus, the helper virus will not be able to spread in plants that do not already contain a functional copy of the viral movement protein. This embodiment provides an option for more stringent levels of biological containment which may be desirable in some cases for large scale commercial production.

In a preferred embodiment, the replicon is formulated such that the sequences encoding the replication origins and the movement functions are linked to the foreign gene sequences. The chromosomally integrated transgene that codes for the replicon is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II producing recombinant mRNAs. In the presence of a helper virus, these transcripts are replicated as additional replicon components in a mixed population. During viral replication, subgenomic messenger RNA may be produced from replicon RNA resulting in amplified expression of foreign genes. The most preferred replicon gene arrangement places the foreign gene at the extreme 3′ end of the genome where the viral structural protein is normally encoded. See FIG. 4. This position for the foreign gene at the extreme 3′ end of the genome, as depicted in FIG. 4, is critical for high level expression (Culver, J. N., et al., Virology (in press)). However, the protein coding sequences or other gene sequences located between the replication origins may be functional in any order.

Additional preferred embodiments of the replicon sequence include the use of regulatable promoters to control expression of the foreign gene and/or movement protein. One promoter for expression of a fusion protein containing the foreign protein or a series of subgenomic promoters may be employed. Self-cleaving ribozymes or a polyadenylation region may also be employed as the transcription termination regions.

The replicons are generated in vivo in plants through transcription of transgenes that are integrated into the host plant cell chromosome and through replication in the presence of a helper virus. The transgenes can be introduced into the host plant cell chromosome by known transformation methods using a variety of promoters. After the replicon has been introduced into the host, the resulting transgenic plants are grown to an optimized stage at which point a helper virus strain is added.

The replicons are then amplified by the introduced helper virus and the foreign gene is expressed.

The foreign gene product coded for and expressed by the replicon can be a very wide variety of RNA or proteins products and include, for example, antisense and ribozyme RNA, regulatory enzymes, and structural, regulatory and therapeutic proteins that may be expressed in their native form or as gene fusions. Typical therapeutic proteins include members of the interleukin family of proteins and colony stimulating factors such as CSF-G, CSF-GM and CSF-M. It is understood, however, that any therapeutic protein can be coded for and expressed in the instant invention.

If expression of the foreign gene results in the accumulation of a protein or other material in the plant tissues, that resulting product may be harvested once the desired concentration of that product is achieved. Significant quantities of recombinant proteins, nucleic acids or other metabolites can be inexpensively produced using this procedure. The low level of expression and wide variation that is observed in transgenic organisms chromosomally transformed with the same construct (a phenomenon attributed to “position effects”), is avoided by this method. RNA-based amplification is not critically dependent on initial transcript amounts. There is also no theoretical limit to the number of genes that can be amplified at the RNA level. The target gene remains “off” before amplification because subgenomic mRNA is only produced during viral replication. Therefore this approach might be particularly appropriate for controlling complex biochemical pathways or producing products that are toxic to the plant. It would be feasible for example, to overexpress critical enzymes in a pathway and simultaneously down-regulate other genes by amplifying antisense RNA only after inoculation with a helper virus. These types of manipulations are not possible using existing or proposed technologies for chromosomal transformation of plants or plant cell cultures or by using prior art viral vectors.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following examples further illustrate the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Construction of a Transgene for Expression of Recombinant Messenger RNA

Construction of a transgene derived from TMV is set forth herein. The wild type TMV genome is set forth in FIG. 1. The construction of DNA plasmids containing the 5′ replication origin fused to the CaMV 35S promoter are described in (Ow, D. W., et al., Science 234: 856-859 (1986)) and the 3′ replication origin fused to a ribozyme termination region are described by Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Disertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 88-105 (1992).

The substitution of the coat protein gene for the coding sequence of CAT is described in Dawson, et al., Phytopathol. 78: 783-789 (1988). These previously disclosed plasmids, pBGC43, pBGC44, pBGC75 (Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Disertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 88-105 (1992)) and pTMVS3CAT28 (Dawson, et al., Phytopathol. 78: 783-789 (1988)) are used as precursors for the construction of the desired transgene for synthesis of replicon RNA (FIG. 5).

In this construction, it is desired to place the 30-kDA movement protein gene at precisely the same position as the replicase gene (relative to 5′ replication origin in the wild type TMV genome, See FIG. 5). To accomplish this, a NdeI site is introduced at the start codon of each gene by PCR-based mutagenesis using synthetic primers and unique adjacent cloning sites. A 270 bp mutagenesis product containing the internal NdeI site from the PCR primer is subcloned using the EcoRV site in the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the HindIII site in the 30-kDa protein gene. The ligation product is then sequence verified.

The 3′ segment of the replicon, containing the CAT gene will be placed adjacent to the 3′-ribozyme as a HindIII-NsiI fragment from the transient TMV vector pTMVS3CAT28 (FIG. 5). In the final cloning step, the 5′ portion of the transgene and the 3′ portion will be subcloned into the unique BamHI site of the plant transformation vector pAP2034 (Velton and Schell, NAR 13: 6981-6998 (1985) as a BglII-BamHI fragment described previously (Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Disertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 88-132 (1992)). The sequence of the replicon RNA, produced by host transcription, RNA processing, and replication in the presence of a helper virus, is given in FIG. 6. Thus, the foreign gene (CAT) is placed on a RNA viral replicon, under control of the coat protein subgenomic promoter for messenger RNA synthesis (located at the 3′ end of the movement protein gene).

EXAMPLE 2

Transformation of Plants.

In one embodiment of this invention, Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for insertion of this sequence into the plant chromosome as described previously (Turpen, T. H., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside, pp. 106-132(1992)). The transformation vector pAP2034 is a cointegrating type Agrobacterium vector. pAP2034 containing the transcription unit for the production of replicon RNA is mobilized into A. tumefaciens by conjugation using the helper strain GJ23 (Van Haute, E., Joos, et al., EMBO J. 2: 411-417 (1983)). Transconjugants are selected and the structure of the cointegrate between donor plasmid and the disarmed Ti plasmid pGV3850 (Zambryski, P., et al., EMBO J. 2: 2143-2150 (1983)) is confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. A correct homologous recombination event places the transgene construct between the T-DNA borders.

Axenic leaf segments of N. tabacum cv. Xanthi are treated (Horsch, R. B., et al., Leaf disc transformation, Plant molecular biology manual. (S. B. Gelvin, R. A. Schilperoort, and D. P. S. Verma, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. A5:1-9 (1988)) in the following sequence: day 1; leaf segments are dipped in A. tumefaciens liquid culture and placed on regeneration media (RM), day 3; explants are transferred to RM supplemented with cefotaxime (500 μg/ml), day 5; explants are transferred to RM/cefotaxime (500 μg/ml)+kanamycin (100 μg/ml), day 30-40; shoots excised and placed onto rooting media containing cefotaxime (500 μg/ml) and kanamycin (100 μg/ml). Cultures are maintained under continuous fluorescent light (Sylvania GTE, Gro-Lux WS) at 20° C.

Hardened plants are grown in commercial potting soil (Cascade Forest Products Inc., Arcata, Calif.) at a temperature of 21-29° C., with a controlled release fertilizer (Osmocote, 14-14-14) using natural light (Vacaville, Calif.) supplemented with fluorescent light on a 16 hr day length in an indoor greenhouse. The antibiotic resistance trait carried in transgenic lines is scored by germinating seedlings in sterile agar in the presence of 100 ug/ml kanamycin (Dunsmuir, P., et al., Stability of introduced genes and stability of expression, Plant molecular biology manual. (S. B. Gelvin, R. A. Schilperoort, and D. P. S. Verma, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. C1: 1-17 (1988)).

EXAMPLE 3

Production of Replicon RNA in the Presence of Helper Virus.

The sequence of the replicon RNA, produced by host transcription, RNA processing, and replication in the presence of a helper virus, is given in FIG. 6. Tobamoviruses with mutations or naturally occurring variation in the 30-kDa protein gene are deficient in cell-to-cell movement on specific host species. Transgenic plants or alternate hosts can complement this defect. It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that there are numerous methods of producing helper tobamoviruses by genetic engineering or by mutagenesis in addition to those helper variants or host species combinations occurring naturally. Likewise, methods for producing transgenic plants which express 30 kDa protein and which complement defective 30 kDa containing viruses have been published. For example, movement deficient helper viruses can be synthesized by transcription of TMV with known mutations for the production of RNA inoculum. Transgenic plants expressing the 30-kDa protein complement this defect (Deom, C. M., et al., Science 237: 389-394 (1987)). Therefore, large quantities of a helper virus can be propagated. In one embodiment of this invention, a 30-kDa protein frameshift mutant, having a single base pair deletion at position 4931 thereby creating a EcoRV site in the cDNA, is used as helper virus. Transgenic tobacco (˜100 plants) are regenerated containing this replicon transgene construction and assayed for CAT activity in the presence and absence of helper viruses using procedures described (Shaw, W. V., Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 53, (S. Fleischer and L. Packer, eds.), pp. 737-755 (1975)). 200 mg of leaf tissue is macerated in assay buffer followed by the addition of 0.5 mM acetyl CoA and 0.1 uCi [¹⁴C] chloramphenicol, incubation for 45 min at 37° C., extraction, resolution by thin-layer chromatography, and autoradiography.

While the invention of this patent application is disclosed by reference to the details of preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that this disclosure is intended in an illustrative rather than limiting sense, as it is contemplated that modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art, within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims. It is further understood that the instant invention applies to all viruses infecting plants and plants generally and is not limited to those plasmids, viruses or plants described herein. 

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method of expressing a foreign antisense RNA in a plant cell, the method comprising: providing a chromosomally integrated transgene in a plant cell, wherein the transgene comprises a replicon having a plus sense, RNA viral replication origin and at least one foreign gene for the antisense RNA, which gene is capable of expression in a plant or plant cell, wherein said replicon is transcribed from a promoter, and wherein said replicon is dependent for replication on a helper virus; providing the helper virus, wherein the helper virus comprises a plus sense RNA viral replicase; transcribing the transgene to form recombinant mRNA comprising the replicon; replicating the recombinant mRNAs with the plus sense RNA viral replicase, thereby producing additional replicon components; and, producing subgenomic mRNA from the additional replicon components, thereby expressing the antisense RNA in the plant cell.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein providing the chromosomally integrated transgene comprises: a) introducing the transgene into the plant cell by transformation; and, b) growing a transgenic plant to an optimal stage prior to providing the helper virus.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein providing the helper virus comprises infecting the plant cell with the helper virus.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein producing the subgenomic mRNA further comprises self-cleaving the mRNA.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein transcribing the transgene comprises transcription with a host RNA polymerase.
 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the replicon codes for at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent comprises a functional movement protein.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent enables systemic infection of a whole plant and systemic expression of the foreign antisense RNA in the plant.
 34. The method of claim 26, wherein the plant cell comprises a cell susceptible to tobamovirus, and wherein the replicon comprises tobamoviral-derived sequences.
 35. A transgenic plant comprising the plant cell of claim
 26. 36. A method of expressing a foreign ribozyme in a plant cell, the method comprising: providing a chromosomally integrated transgene in a plant cell, wherein the transgene comprises a replicon having a plus sense, RNA viral replication origin and at least one foreign gene for the ribozyme RNA, which gene is capable of expression in a plant or plant cell, wherein said replicon is transcribed from a promoter, and wherein said replicon is dependent for replication on a helper virus; providing the helper virus, wherein the helper virus comprises a plus sense RNA viral replicase; transcribing the transgene to form recombinant mRNA comprising the replicon; replicating the recombinant mRNAs with the plus sense RNA viral replicase, thereby producing additional replicon components; and, producing subgenomic mRNA from the additional replicon components, thereby expressing the ribozyme RNA in the plant cell.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein providing the chromosomally integrated transgene comprises: a) introducing the transgene into the plant cell by transformation; and, b) growing a transgenic plant to an optimal stage prior to providing the helper virus.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein providing the helper virus comprises infecting the plant cell with the helper virus.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein producing the subgenomic mRNA further comprises self-cleaving the mRNA.
 40. The method of claim 36, wherein transcribing the transgene comprises transcription with a host RNA polymerase.
 41. The method of claim 36, wherein the replicon codes for at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent comprises a functional movement protein.
 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent enables systemic infection of a whole plant and systemic expression of the foreign ribozyme RNA in the plant.
 44. The method of claim 36, wherein the plant cell comprises a cell susceptible to tobamovirus, and wherein the replicon comprises tobamoviral-derived sequences.
 45. A transgenic plant comprising the plant cell of claim
 36. 46. A method of expressing a foreign protein in a plant cell, the method comprising: providing a chromosomally integrated transgene in a plant cell, wherein the transgene comprises a replicon having a plus sense, RNA viral replication origin and at least one foreign gene for the foreign protein, which gene is capable of expression in a plant or plant cell, wherein said replicon is transcribed from a promoter, and wherein said replicon is dependent for replication on a helper virus; providing the helper virus, wherein the helper virus comprises a plus sense RNA viral replicase; transcribing the transgene to form recombinant mRNA comprising the replicon; replicating the recombinant mRNAs with the plus sense RNA viral replicase, thereby producing additional replicon components; producing subgenomic mRNA from the additional replicon components, thereby expressing the foreign protein gene in the plant cell; and, translating the subgenomic mRNA of the expressed foreign protein gene, thereby producing the foreign protein.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein providing the chromosomally integrated transgene comprises: a) introducing the transgene into the plant cell by transformation; and, b) growing a transgenic plant to an optimal stage prior to providing the helper virus.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein providing the helper virus comprises infecting the plant cell with the helper virus.
 49. The method of claim 46, wherein producing the subgenomic mRNA further comprises self-cleaving the mRNA.
 50. The method of claim 46, wherein transcribing the transgene comprises transcription with a host RNA polymerase.
 51. The method of claim 46, wherein the replicon codes for at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent comprises a functional movement protein.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the at least one sequence upon which the helper virus is dependent enables systemic infection of a whole plant and systemic expression of the foreign protein in the plant.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the foreign protein comprises one or more of: an enzyme, a regulatory enzyme, a structural protein, or a therapeutic protein.
 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the foreign protein comprises an interleukin, a colony stimulating factor, CSF-G, CSF-GM, or CSF-M.
 56. The method of claim 46, wherein the plant cell comprises a cell susceptible to tobamovirus, and wherein the replicon comprises tobamoviral-derived sequences.
 57. A transgenic plant comprising the plant cell of claim
 46. 